Common cable types and what they are used for

Cables connect the technology you use every day, but their names don’t always make their purpose clear. HDMI, USB-C, Ethernet, AUX and DisplayPort can look like a collection of letters until you know what each connection does. 

This guide explains the common cable types used for charging, data, screens, TVs, internet connections and audio. We will also show you what to check before choosing a replacement or adapter.

You'll want to check the type of ports availabile on the two devices you want to connect, and also consider whether you need data, video/audio transfer or charging to pick the most suitable cable.

USB cables usually handle charging and data, while HDMI and DisplayPort connect displays. Ethernet provides a wired network connection. AUX, optical and XLR cables are used for audio. Always check the ports on both devices and the required specification before you choose.

USB cables are used to charge devices, transfer data and connect accessories. Some compatible USB connections can also carry video. Lightning cables are Apple-specific cables for charging and data transfer.

USB-A
USB-A is the familiar flat, rectangular connector found on many computers, charging plugs, TVs and games consoles. It can connect to another connector type at the opposite end, such as USB-C, micro-USB or Lightning.

USB-A is not reversible, so it only fits into its port one way.

USB-C
USB-C is a small, rounded connector that can be inserted either way up. It’s common on current phones, tablets, laptops, headphones and other devices.

Depending on the device and cable, USB-C may support:

• Charging
• Data transfer
• Connecting compatible displays
• Connecting accessories and docking stations

Not every USB-C cable offers the same functionalitu. If you need a USB-C charger or cable for a laptop, check the power requirement stated by the device manufacturer. For display connections, confirm that the device’s USB-C port supports video output.

Micro USB

Micro USB is a small connector with a tapered shape. It’s found on many older or lower-power devices, including cameras, speakers, headphones and e-readers.

A micro-USB cable is not the same as USB-C. The plugs have different shapes and cannot be used in each other’s ports.

Mini USB and USB-B

Mini USB is an older connector still seen on some cameras, sat navs and audio equipment. USB-B is the squarer connector commonly associated with printers and some specialist equipment.

Check the port carefully before ordering, as mini USB and micro USB can look similar in small product images.

Lightning

Lightning is a small reversible connector used by various older Apple devices and accessories. Some cables have Lightning at one end and either USB-A or USB-C at the other.

Check the charging port on your device before choosing between Lightning and USB-C, as different device generations may use different connectors.

USB adapters

An adapter can help connect two connector types, such as USB-A to USB-C. However, an adapter cannot automatically add a function that the original device or port does not support.

For example, a physical connection might fit while the required charging rate, data transfer or video feature remains unavailable. Check compatibility across the device, cable and adapter.

HDMI cables

HDMI cables carry digital picture and sound through one connection. It is widely used with TVs, monitors, soundbars, games consoles, streaming devices, computers and Blu-ray players.

Before choosing an HDMI cable, check:

• The number of HDMI ports available on both devices
• The picture resolution and refresh rate of your input and output devices
• Whether a particular HDMI feature is required
• The cable length needed for your setup

If you’re connecting a TV to a soundbar, check the labels beside the HDMI ports and follow the product instructions. Some audio features require specific compatible ports on both devices.

VGA cables

VGA is an older analogue video connection. Its plug is usually blue and has 15 pins, with screws on either side to hold it in place.

VGA carries picture but not sound. If audio is required, you will need a separate audio connection. VGA is most likely to be found on older computers, monitors and projectors.

DVI cables

DVI is another computer display connection found on some older monitors and desktop computers. Different DVI connector formats exist, so compare the port and cable carefully before buying.

Depending on the connection, DVI is mainly used for picture. Do not assume it will carry audio.

SCART connections and HDMI adapters

SCART is a large connector found on older TVs, DVD players, video recorders and games equipment. Most newer TVs use HDMI instead.

A SCART to HDMI setup usually needs an active converter that processes the signal, not simply a cable with different connectors at each end. The direction of conversion matters too. Check whether the product converts SCART to HDMI or HDMI to SCART and follow the converter instructions.

An Ethernet cable connects compatible devices to a local network through a router, network switch or wall port. It can be useful for desktop computers, consoles and smart TVs when you want a direct wired connection.

Ethernet connectors are wider than telephone connectors and usually have a small plastic clip. The category is normally printed along the cable.

Cat 5e and Cat 6 Ethernet cables

Cat 5e and Cat 6 are categories of Ethernet cable. Both are used in home networks, but the performance available depends on the complete setup, including the router, device ports, cable length and network service.

A Cat 6 cable may support higher network performance in suitable conditions, but replacing the cable alone will not increase the speed provided by your broadband service. Choose a category that meets the requirements of your equipment and network.

Do not confuse an Ethernet cable with a telephone or modem lead. They can look similar, but the connectors and uses are different.

Suggested internal link placement: Link our beginner’s guide to mesh Wi-Fi after the explanation of wired connections.

AUX and 3.5 mm cables

A 3.5 mm AUX cable carries analogue audio. It is commonly used with headphones, speakers, car stereos, computers and older phones or tablets.

Some 3.5 mm plugs include extra contact points for a microphone or controls. Check whether you need audio only or a combined headset connection.

Optical cables

An optical cable carries digital audio and is commonly used between TVs, soundbars, receivers and other home audio equipment. The matching port may be labelled “optical”, “digital audio out” or “TOSLINK”.

Remove any protective caps before use and line up the connector carefully. Do not force or sharply bend an optical cable.

RCA cables

RCA connectors are round and often colour-coded. Red and white connectors are commonly used for right and left analogue audio. A yellow connector is traditionally associated with composite video.

Check the labels beside the ports, rather than re

XLR cables

XLR cables are commonly used with microphones, mixers, audio interfaces and powered speakers. A typical XLR connector has three pins and a locking mechanism.

An XLR cable is designed for compatible audio equipment. Check the input and output connections on both products before choosing one.

Use this checklist before you buy a cable or adapter:

1. Decide what the connection must do. Is it for charging, data, picture, sound or internet access?
2. Check the port on both devices. Look for labels such as HDMI, USB, DisplayPort or optical.
3. Compare the connector shape. Pay attention to size, orientation and pin layout.
4. Read the device instructions. Look for supported charging power, picture settings or connection standards.
5. Check both ends of the cable. They may use different connector types.
6. Choose a practical length. Allow enough room without leaving excess cable across a walkway.
7. Check adapter direction. Some video converters work in only one direction.
8. Do not force the connector. If it does not fit easily, stop and check the orientation and connector type.

If the original cable is available, check for printed details or a model number. You can also take a clear photo of the device port to compare while shopping.

Check cables, plugs and connectors regularly. Stop using a cable if it is frayed, crushed, split, unusually hot or has exposed internal wires. Replace damaged charging and power leads rather than covering damage with tape.

Keep leads away from wet areas, sources of heat and places where they may be trapped under furniture. Route longer cables so they do not create a trip hazard.

For mains-powered equipment, use the cable or power supply specified for that product. Never attempt fixed household wiring based on a general cable guide. Contact a registered electrician if electrical installation or repair work is required.